Comprehensive Guide on Compression Socks

Compression socks are specialised garments designed to improve blood circulation, reduce swelling, and support leg health. They apply graduated pressure, with the tightest fit at the ankle, helping prevent blood from pooling in the lower extremities. This design reduces the risk of varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) while also enhancing blood flow. Available in various compression levels (ranging from 8-40 mmHg) and lengths (ankle, knee-high, thigh-high, and full-leg), compression socks are tailored for different needs. They include graduated compression socks for general circulation and anti-embolism socks for preventing DVT, especially in bedridden patients.

These compression socks are beneficial for nurses, pregnant women, athletes, and those experiencing swelling, varicose veins, or chronic venous insufficiency. They help improve circulation, reduce swelling, and support recovery after exercise, long flights, or surgery. They also help with muscle recovery and manage the discomfort of edema or post-surgery swelling.

Compression socks are typically made from materials like spandex, nylon, Lycra, cotton, and polyester, providing the right balance of elasticity, comfort, durability, and breathability. Pricing typically ranges from AUD 10 to AUD 100, depending on compression level, material, and brand. Buying in bundles or packs can offer better value, especially for daily use, as it reduces the cost per pair, providing better value and convenience over time.

What Are Compression Socks?

Compression socks are snug-fitting, elastic hosiery that applies graduated pressure to the legs, helping to boost blood circulation and reduce swelling. The pressure is greatest at the ankle and gradually decreases as it moves up the leg, which aids in improving blood flow and preventing fluid build-up. These socks are commonly used to address issues like spider or varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and post-surgery swelling, as well as to reduce discomfort from aching legs and cramps.

Crafted from materials such as spandex, nylon, and cotton-nylon, compression socks provide a snug and comfortable fit, ensuring consistent compression while allowing for movement. This design encourages the flow of oxygenated blood and helps to move waste fluids out, improving overall leg health. Available in a range of lengths, from knee-high to thigh-high, these socks are tailored to support different levels of circulation needs and target specific areas of discomfort or swelling.

What Are The Benefits of Using Compression Socks?

Health benefits of compression socks include improved blood circulation, reduced swelling, relief from varicose vein discomfort, prevention of blood clots, and management of orthostatic hypotension. The graduated pressure enhances blood flow, reduces fluid buildup, and supports leg health, especially for those on their feet for long hours, recovering from surgery, or with circulatory issues. A meta-analysis of 1,800 surgical patients showed a 68% reduction in postoperative DVT using Graduated Elastic Stockings (Mechanical Methods for Thrombosis Prophylaxis, 2009).

Improves Blood Circulation

One of the primary benefits of compression socks is their ability to improve blood circulation by applying graduated pressure, with the greatest pressure at the ankle, which helps blood flow more efficiently back to the heart. This enhanced circulation is particularly beneficial for individuals with poor blood flow, such as those with varicose veins, DVT, or sore legs from long periods of standing. Compression socks also help oxygenate the blood and move waste fluids out, ensuring the body’s tissues are properly nourished.

Helps Reduce Swelling

Compression socks reduce swelling by applying graduated pressure, which helps prevent fluid from accumulating in the lower legs and ankles. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with post-surgery swelling, lymphedema, or chronic venous insufficiency. Compression stockings with around 30 mmHg of pressure are nearly as effective as high-pressure bandages in reducing chronic leg edema (Compression stockings with moderate pressure are able to reduce chronic leg oedema, 2012). The pressure encourages fluid movement back towards the heart, alleviating swelling and discomfort in sore, fatigued legs while enhancing circulation.

Alleviates Discomfort from Varicose Veins

Compression socks are highly effective in relieving the discomfort associated with varicose veins by improving circulation and providing support to weakened veins. The graduated pressure applied by the socks helps reduce swelling, supports the veins, and enhances blood flow, which alleviates the aching, heaviness, and fatigue that often accompany varicose veins. For individuals with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) or those who stand for long periods, compression socks help stimulate blood flow, reduce vein pressure, and prevent further enlargement, offering significant relief and promoting overall leg comfort.

Aids Prevent Blood Clots

By improving circulation and reducing blood pooling in the legs, compression socks help prevent the formation of blood clots, especially for those at risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The graduated compression they provide ensures that blood moves more efficiently through the veins, reducing the chances of clotting. This is particularly beneficial for individuals who are bedridden, recovering from surgery, or spending long periods sitting, such as during long flights. Research shows that long-haul flights increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) by 1.5 to 4 times (Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers, 2021), making compression socks a useful tool to improve circulation and prevent clot formation.

Helps Manage Orthostatic Hypotension

For individuals with orthostatic hypotension, compression socks offer valuable support by improving blood circulation and stabilising blood pressure when transitioning to a standing position. The graduated compression helps prevent blood from pooling in the lower legs, ensuring that blood flows efficiently back to the heart. This reduces the likelihood of dizziness or fainting, making compression socks particularly beneficial for those with conditions like Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) or those who experience frequent dizziness when standing.

What Are The Side Effects of Compression Socks?

While compression socks offer many benefits, they can cause discomfort, skin irritation, or even reduced circulation if not properly fitted. Wearing them too tightly or for too long can lead to pinching, irritation, or a tourniquet effect that restricts blood flow. It is essential to follow proper sizing guidelines and wear the socks as recommended to avoid these contradictions.

Possible Discomfort

Compression socks could result in discomfort if they are too tight or worn for extended periods. This may lead to feelings of tightness, pinching, or general discomfort in the legs and feet. It is important to ensure that the socks fit properly and are not causing excessive pressure, as this can result in a tourniquet effect, restricting blood flow. Adjusting the fit or wearing the socks for shorter periods can help prevent discomfort and ensure their effectiveness.

Skin Irritation or Sensitivity

Wearing compression socks for extended periods can potentially lead to skin irritation or sensitivity, particularly for individuals with delicate or reactive skin. Tight-fitting socks or materials that do not breathe well can cause redness, itching, or rashes, especially around areas like the cuff or sock shaft. To prevent irritation, choose compression socks made from soft, breathable fabrics like cotton-nylon blends or silk, and ensure they are the correct fit to avoid unnecessary friction or pressure.

Reduces Circulation if Not Properly Fitted

Improperly fitted compression socks can restrict circulation, defeating their intended purpose and potentially causing more harm than good. Socks that are too tight or have incorrect compression levels can create a tourniquet effect, restricting blood flow and causing discomfort or worsening circulatory issues. To avoid these complications, select socks that fit properly and provide the right level of compression for your specific needs. Regularly adjusting the fit and consulting with a healthcare professional can ensure optimal benefits and prevent circulation problems.

How Do Compression Socks Work?

Compression socks apply gentle, graduated pressure to the veins and muscles in the legs, with the highest pressure at the ankle and gradually decreasing upwards. This design helps push blood upward, counteracting gravity and preventing fluid from pooling in the feet and ankles. By compressing the calf muscles, the compression socks assist in pumping blood back to the heart and preventing blood from flowing backward. The pressure also helps reduce swelling, fatigue, and the risk of blood clots, while supporting the veins and valves, which is particularly beneficial for managing conditions like chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and varicose veins.

Basic working structure of compression socks:

1. Squeeze veins and muscles to help blood flow upward toward the heart, preventing fluid from pooling.

2. Compress calf muscles, aiding in blood pumping and reducing blood flow backward.

3. Decrease excess fluid leakage from capillaries, preventing swelling (edema).

4. Encourage lymphatic drainage, promoting fluid movement and reducing swelling.

5. Support veins and valves, managing conditions like CVI and varicose veins.

Compression Socks Size Chart

Choosing the right size for compression socks is essential for maximising their effectiveness and comfort. Compression socks should fit snugly but not too tightly, ensuring proper circulation without causing discomfort. The size chart below can help guide you in selecting the right fit based on your measurements. Typically, size charts of compression socks are based on measurements of the ankle circumference, calf circumference, and leg length.

To ensure the best fit, measure around the widest part of your calf and at your ankle to match the size guide. For longer leg lengths, ensure the socks reach the appropriate areas for full leg support. If you are between sizes, it is recommended to choose the larger size for added comfort.

How to Use Compression Socks?

To use compression socks effectively, turn the sock inside out, insert your foot, pull it up gradually, adjust for comfort, and ensure the proper fit with the tightest pressure at the ankle. Ensure the sock is smooth without any wrinkles, as bunching can cause discomfort and reduce effectiveness. The sock should feel snug but not restrictive, with the pressure gradually decreasing as it moves up the leg, allowing for optimal blood flow and support.

Follow these 5 steps to wear compression socks smoothly without any discomfort:

Step 1: Position the Sock

Turn the sock inside out up to the heel, leaving the foot area exposed. This makes it easier to position the sock correctly and ensures smooth application of graduated compression.

Step 2: Insert the Foot

Gently slide your foot into the sock, ensuring your toes are properly placed in the foot area without any bunching. Smooth the sock over your foot for a snug, even fit.

Step 3: Pull Up Gradually

Slowly pull the sock up the leg, ensuring it is smooth and free of wrinkles. Avoid pulling too hard to prevent discomfort or misalignment.

Step 4: Adjust for Comfort

Once the sock is in place, adjust it to eliminate any tight spots or bunching. The sock should feel snug but comfortable, offering support without restricting circulation.

Step 5: Ensure Proper Fit

Double-check that the sock fits correctly, with the highest compression at the ankle, gradually loosening as it moves up the leg. Ensure it is not too tight around the calf or thigh to prevent any discomfort or restricted circulation.

What Are The Types of Compression Socks?

Compression socks are generally classified into graduated compression and Thrombo-embolic deterrent (TED) or anti-embolism socks.

• Graduated Compression Socks: Apply the highest pressure at the ankle, gradually decreasing up the leg to improve circulation and prevent fluid build-up.

• Thrombo-embolic deterrent (TED) or anti-embolism socks: Provide consistent pressure to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in immobile or bedridden patients.

Compression socks also come in different compression levels and heights to target specific needs. Compression levels range from low (8-15 mmHg) for light support to very high (30-40 mmHg) for more severe conditions, such as varicose veins or post-surgery swelling. Height options include ankle compression socks, knee-high, thigh-high, and full-leg stockings, each providing targeted support to different areas of the leg.

Types of Compression Socks By Compression Level

Compression socks come in various pressure levels, measured in mmHg (millimetres of mercury), to address different needs based on the severity of circulation issues.

• Low Compression (8-15 mmHg)

These socks provide light support and are ideal for fatigued legs, mild swelling, or general comfort during long periods of standing or sitting. They offer gentle compression to improve circulation without being restrictive.

• Moderate Compression (15-20 mmHg)

Suitable for individuals with mild varicose veins, edema, or those on their feet for extended periods. These socks apply moderate pressure to enhance circulation, reduce swelling, and provide relief from leg discomfort.

• High Compression (20-30 mmHg)

Recommended for more significant circulatory issues such as chronic venous insufficiency or moderate varicose veins. These socks provide stronger compression to improve blood flow, reduce swelling, and prevent further vein damage.

• Very High Compression (30-40 mmHg)

Designed for severe conditions like severe varicose veins, post-surgery recovery, or significant edema. These socks deliver strong pressure to manage fluid retention, improve circulation, and help in the recovery process.

Types of Compression Socks By Length

Compression socks are available in ankle, knee-high, thigh-high, and full-leg stockings, each designed to target specific areas of the leg for improved circulation and support.

• Ankle Compression Socks

These socks focus on the ankle and foot area, making them ideal for people experiencing swelling, fatigue, or discomfort in the feet and lower legs. Ankle compression socks help boost circulation and reduce fluid buildup in the ankle region.

• Knee-High Compression Socks

These socks provide compression from the foot up to just below the knee, making them ideal for reducing swelling, alleviating discomfort, and improving circulation in the lower leg and calf.

• Thigh-High Compression Socks

Extending from the foot to the thigh, these socks are designed for those with more severe circulatory issues such as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), varicose veins, or significant swelling in the upper legs.

• Full Leg Compression Stockings

These provide total coverage from the toes to the waist, ideal for individuals with severe edema, post-surgery recovery, or chronic venous insufficiency requiring comprehensive support for the entire leg.

Who Should Use Compression Socks?

Compression socks are ideal for nurses, doctors, pregnant women, athletes, and individuals suffering from varicose veins, swollen feet, or edema. These socks help improve circulation, reduce swelling, and provide relief from leg fatigue. They are especially useful for those on their feet for long hours, recovering from intense exercise, or travelling long distances to prevent DVT and enhance overall leg health.

You should use compression socks if you are:

• Nurses and Doctors Who Spend Long Hours on Their Feet

• Moms-to-Be Looking for Relief During Pregnancy

• Travellers and Aeroplane Passengers Seeking Comfort and Circulation Support

• Athletes Seeking Enhanced Performance and Recovery

• Individuals Managing Varicose Veins

• People Suffering from Swollen Feet

• Patients Dealing with Edema

• Individuals at Risk of DVT

Who Shouldn't Use Compression Socks?

Individuals with Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), severe skin conditions, or active infections should avoid compression socks. The pressure from the socks can restrict blood flow in those with PAD, worsen existing skin conditions, or irritate active infections. Additionally, those with high blood pressure should consult a healthcare provider before using compression socks, as improper use could lead to complications.

You should not use compression socks if you are:

• Individuals with Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

• People with Severe Skin Conditions or Active Infections

• Individuals with High Blood Pressure

What Are Compression Socks Made Of?

Compression socks are made from a blend of spandex, nylon, Lycra, cotton, polyester, and sometimes silk or rayon from bamboo. These materials are carefully selected to provide the necessary compression, durability, comfort, and breathability. Each material plays a role in improving the socks' performance, ensuring they deliver the benefits of enhanced circulation, moisture-wicking, and long-lasting wear.

7 most common materials used in compression socks are:

1.  Spandex: Offers necessary elasticity and stretch, allowing the socks to apply graduated compression that is snug but comfortable.

2. Nylon: Adds strength and durability, helping the socks maintain their shape and last longer even through frequent use.

3. Lycra: Similar to spandex, Lycra enhances comfort and provides a snug fit without restricting movement.

4. Cotton: Known for its softness and breathability, cotton keeps feet comfortable and helps with moisture absorption.

5. Polyester: A durable and moisture-wicking fabric that helps keep the feet dry by pulling sweat away from the skin.

6. Silk: Adds a luxurious feel and soft touch with natural antimicrobial properties to reduce foot odour.

7. Rayon from Bamboo: Provides breathability and antibacterial qualities, helping to wick moisture away from the skin and keep feet fresh.

How Much Do Compression Socks Cost?

Compression socks typically cost ranges from AUD 10 to AUD 100, depending on the brand, material, and compression level. Basic pairs from drugstores or online retailers with lower compression levels can cost as little as AUD 10, while mid-range socks with added features like moisture-wicking or antimicrobial properties generally range from AUD 20 to AUD 40. Medical-grade compression socks or those designed for prescription-level compression can cost AUD 60 or more, especially for higher compression levels (such as 20-30 mmHg).

Buying compression socks in bundles or packs can be a more economical option (e.g., AUD 99.95 for 6 pairs of ankle socks or AUD 149.95 for 10 crew socks). While the upfront cost is higher, buying pre-made value packs provides great value, reducing the cost per pair. This is especially beneficial for individuals who need to wear compression socks daily, such as nurses, athletes, or those with chronic circulatory conditions. Purchasing in a bundle ensures you have a sufficient supply while getting more value for your money in the long term.

FAQs

Can You Wear Compression Socks to Bed?

No, compression socks are typically not needed while sleeping, as their main purpose is to improve circulation during the day when you are active. However, in some cases, such as after surgery or for severe edema, a doctor may advise wearing them overnight to help manage swelling or fluid retention. Always follow your healthcare provider's recommendation.

What Makes Compression Socks Better Than Regular Socks?

Compression socks are designed to apply graduated pressure for improved circulation and swelling reduction, while regular socks simply provide coverage without supporting blood flow. Unlike regular socks, compression socks target specific areas, helping prevent fluid buildup and supporting vein health, making them ideal for people with circulatory issues or those on their feet for long periods.

How Long Should You Wear Compression Socks?

You can wear compression socks for 8-12 hours a day to achieve the best results. Prescription-grade compression stockings are safe to wear all day, particularly for conditions like varicose veins or swelling. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's recommendations to ensure you are wearing them appropriately for your specific needs.

How Long Can You Wear Compression Socks After Surgery?

You can typically wear compression socks for 2-6 weeks after surgery to improve circulation and prevent blood clots. It is recommended to keep your compression stockings on for 24-48 hours after your operation, as prescribed by your doctor. After that, your doctor will guide you on how long to wear them each day based on your recovery and surgery type.

What Do Compression Socks Do for Blood Circulation?

Compression socks improve blood circulation by applying graduated pressure, which is tightest at the ankle and gradually decreases up the leg. This pressure helps stimulate blood flow and prevents blood from pooling in the lower legs, promoting better circulation back to the heart. As a result, they reduce swelling, prevent varicose veins, and support overall leg health, especially for those on their feet for long periods.